Sunday, March 7, 2010

General English for bank PO

Directions (questions 1 to 5): Read the following information and answer the questions given

below.

(i) A, B, C, D, E, F and G are seven members standing in a row (not necessarily in the same

order) facing north.

(ii) C and B have as many members between them as G and C have between them.

(iii) D, who is 3rd from the extreme left, is 3rd to the left of E.

(iv) A and D are neighbors and F and C are neighbors.

1. Which of the following statements may be false?

(a) A is the 3rd to the left of F

(b) D is 3rd to the left of E

(c) F is 3rd the right of A

(d) B is 3rd to the left of C

(e) None of these

Ans (d)

2. Which of the following statements is true?

(a) C and E are neighbors

(b) E is to the immediate left of F

(c) C is to the immediate left of D

(d) A is to the immediate left of D

(e) None of these

Ans (d)

3. Who is at the extreme right?

(a) Data inadequate

(b) G

(c) B

(d) E

(e) None of these

Ans (a)

4. Which of the following given two pairs of neighbors?

(a) A, C and D, C

(b) A, B and E, G

(c) D, C and E, F

(d) C, F and C, E

(e) None of these

Ans (c)

5. What is the position of F?

(a) Immediate to the right of E.

(b) Third to the left of G

(c) Immediate to the left of C

(d) 5th to the right of B

(e) None of these

Ans (e)

6. Four of the following five groups of letters are alike in some way while one is different.

Find out which one is different.

(a) ISLOJ

(b) LUOQM

(c) AKDGB

(d) FPILG

(e) NXQTO

Ans (b)

7. In the sequence given below the sum of the two digits which immediately precede the

digit ‘4′ exceeds the sum of the two digits which immediately follow the digit 4 and sum

of the two digits which immediately follow the digit 6 exceeds the sum of the two digits

which immediately precede the digit 6. How many such 4’s and 6’s together are

there?

5 4 4 6 2 6 3 5 6 4 2 8 4 3 7 6 6 4 8 3

(a) 4

(b) 6

(c) 3

(d) 5

(e) None of these

Ans (a)

8. Below are given six three-digit numbers. The digits comprise of numeric and letters. The

letter indicates its serial order in the English alphabet. What will be the middle digit of the

4th number when the numbers are arranged in the descending order after interchanging

numeric in each number without altering the place of letter in the number?

19F, 2H9, 98B, D76, 7A6, 61E

(a) 8

(b) 9

(c) 6

(d) 7

(e) None of these

Ans (e)

Directions (Q.9 & 10): In a code language any letter which is immediately after or before a

vowel in the English alphabet is substituted by that vowel and any vowel i.e. A, E, I, O and U is

substituted by the letter immediately following that vowel in the English alphabet.

9. How can the word FEVERISH be written in that code language?

(a) EDVDRJSI

(b) EFUFRHSI

(c) EFUFRJSI

(d) EDUFRJSI

(e) None of these

Ans (c)

10. How can the word CONFEDERATION be written in that code language?

(a) CPOGFEDRBUTPO

(b) CPOEFEFRBUJPO

(c) CNOEFEFRBUHNO

(d) CONFFDERATION

(e) None of these

Ans (b)

11. If each of the vowels i.e. A, E, I, O, & U along with the 3rd letter to its right in the

alphabet are taken out and arranged one after the other in the same order followed by the

remaining letters of the alphabet, which of the following will be 5th to the left of the 19th

letter from the left in the new arrangement? A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X

Y Z

(a) G

(b) H

(c) J

(d) W

(e) none of these

Ans (a)

12. How many pairs of letters are there in the word SPONTANEOUS which have number of

letters between them in the word one less than the number of letters between them in

English alphabet?

(a) five

(b) one

(c) four

(d) Two

(e) Three

Ans (a)

13. Four of the following five have similar relationship and hence form a group. Which one

does not belong to the group?

(a) BROTHER : DORVEHT

(b) ENGLISH : GGNNSIJ

(c) ANOTHER : CONVEHT

(d) BETWEEN : DTEZEEP

(e) HUSBAND : JSUDNAF

Ans (d)

14. Which pair of the letters in the word BEAUTIFUL has the same relationship between its

letters with respect to their position in the English alphabet as the pair EA in that word has

between its letters?

(a) IB

(b) LF

(c) IE

(d) FL

(e) TL

Ans (c)

15. Which of the following relates to FLOWER in the same way as RTERBN relates to

SECTOR?

(a) RWLGPF

(b) EOFKUQ

(c) EOFMXS

(d) RWLEPD

(e) RWLEND

Ans (e)

16. If arranged properly which one of the following is not a river in India.

(a) ANUMAY

(b) IHSOK

(c) TABROC

(d) ADAMRAN

(e)None of these

Ans (c) It is CORBAT. It is a National Park

17. If the following words are arranged in a natural sequence, which word would be the

first.

(a) Night

(b) Negative

(c) Neighbour

(d) Near

(e) None of these

Ans (d)

18. In an office having 55 employees men out number the women by 15. How many women

are working in that office.

(a) 30

(b) 20

(c) 40

(d) 50

(e) None of these

Ans (b)

19. Reaching a place of appointment on Friday I found that I was two days earlier than the

scheduled day. If I had reached on the following Wednesday how many days late would I

have been.

(a) one day

(b) two days

(c) three days

(d) four days

(e) None of these

Ans (c)

20. Reena traveled from point A to a distance of 10 feet east at point B. She then turned

right and walked 3 feet. Again she turned right and walked 14 feet. How far is she from the

starting point.

(a) 4 feet

(b) 5 feet

(c) 24 feet

(d) 25 feet

(e) None of these

Ans (a)

Directions (Questions 21 to 25):- One of the words given in the alternatives cannot be formed

by using the letters given in the question. Find out that word.

21. ENCOURAGE

(a) ANGER

(b) GREEN

(c) USAGE

(d) COURAGE

(d) None of these

Ans (c) There is no alphabet ‘S’ in the question

22. CONCENTRATE

(a) CENTRE

(b) CONCERN

(c) TREAT

(d) REASON

(e) None of these

Ans (d)

23. INTRANSIGENT

(a) STAIN

(b) TRAIN

(c) RESIGN

(d) TRACE

(e) None of these

Ans (d)

24. MAGNETIC

(a) MENACE

(b) GAIN

(c) NAME

(d) GAME

(e) None of these

Ans (a)

25. ENTHUSIASM

(a) MITE

(b) ASSIST

(c) ATHENS

(d) SENT

(e) None of these

Ans (b)

1. Though his view is correct his behavior was impertinent

(a) healthy

(b) respectful

(c) inadequate

(d) smooth

(e) impressive

Ans (b)

2. The commission took two years to sift through the massive collection of documents.

(a) meager

(b) heavy

(c) light

(d) short

(e) ugly

Ans (c)

3. The Minister’s speech precipitated the matter.

(a) aggravate

(b) create

(c) defer

(d) push

(e) pull

Ans (c)

4. The chairman rebuked the accounts officer.

(a) received

(b) awarded

(c) invited

(d) strengthened

(e) praised

Ans (b)

5. The manager is quite tactful and handles the workers union very effectively.

(a) disciplined

(b) naive

(c) strict

(d) loose

(e) relaxed

Ans (b)

Direction (Questions 6 to 10): Pick out the word synonymous with the one in the sentence

given below.

6. After the dismal show the caption resigned his job.

(a) poor

(b) sorrowful

(c) minimum

(d) short

(e) miser

Ans (a)

7. The boy gave a graphic account of the theft.

(a) picture

(b) drawing

(c) vivid

(d) broad

(e) vague

Ans (c)

8. The soldier displayed exceptional courage and saved the members of his platoon.

(a) avoidable

(b) unusual

(c) strange

(d) abnormal

(e) new

Ans (b)

9. The police officer found that the documents recovered were fabricated.

(a) prepared

(b) forged

(c) genuine

(d) historical

(e) constricted

Ans (b)

10. In spite of their efforts, they could not make much headway.

(a) progress

(b) thinking

(c) efforts

(d) starts

(e) results

Ans (a)

Fill up to blanks in the following Questions from 11 to 18 picking out from the choices.

11. Mahesh _____ me coming to his table, he smiled and ___ me a chair

(a) looked, gave

(b) welcomed, took

(c) saw, offered

(d) found, signaled

(e) met, sat

Ans (c)

12. The counter Clerk was very busy and ____ not pay any ___ to Sohan’s request.

(a) did, attention

(b) had, cash

(c) could, respect

(d) can, help

(e) Certainly, acceptance

Ans (a)

13. We are ___ to have him ____ here to make this function a great success

(a) happy, arrive

(b) wonderful, again

(c) sure, come

(d) pleased, over

(e) proud, leave

Ans (d)

14. Satyam ___ another feather ___ his cap by his performance in one day match.

(a) created, by

(b) took, in

(c) captured, from

(d) kept, in

(e) added, to

Ans (e)

15. The state Govt. staff ___ threatened to launch an indefinite strike from next month to

___ their demands.

(a) have, press

(b) did, get

(c) were, meet

(d) nearly, fulfill

(e) has, press

Ans (a)

16. The speech ___ with subtle threats has resulted in ___ tension.

(a) full, escalating

(b) started, reduced

(c) followed, continuous

(d) replete, increased

(e) forced, dissolving

Ans (d)

17. By long queues and bad weather the voters__ their way to the polling stations ___ a

lot.

(a) undaunted, made

(b) making, suffered

(c) encouraged, prepared

(d) going, dropped

(e) satisfied, turned

Ans (b)

18. The CM ____ the house that ____ action would be taken against all those involved in

corruption.

(a) instructed, preventive

(b) called, stick

(c) assured, stringent

(d) reiterated, strictly

(e) informed, constructive

Ans (c)

Direction (Questions 19 to 25):In each of the following questions , a part of sentence is given

with underline. Below each sentence, four choices numbered (a), (b), (c), (d) are given which

can substitute the part of the sentence printed with underline. Find out the choice which can

correctly substitute that part of the sentence. The number of that choice is the answer. If

‘No correction needed’ is your answer, the choice is (e).

19. He has received no other message than an urgent telegram asking him to rush village

soon.

(a) asked him to rush his village

(b) asking him to have to his village

(c) asking him to rush to his village

(d) asking him rushing at his village

(e) No correction required

Ans (a)

20. We must take it granted that Anju will not come for today’s function.

(a) take it for granted

(b) taking it granted

(c) took it as granted

(d) have it granted

(e) Non correction required

Ans (a)

21. I earnestly believes that you will visit our relatives during your trip to Mumbai.

(a) had hardly believe that

(b) sincerely believe

(c) certainly believing that

(d) could not believe

(e) No correction required

Ans (b)

22. The train will leave at 8.30 pm, we have been ready by 7.30 pm so that we can reach

the station in time

(a) were

(b) must be

(c) are

(d) should have

(e) No correction required

Ans (b)

23. Binita unnecessarily picked up a quarrel with Sanjay and left the party.

(a) has picked up

(b) picked on

(c) picked

(d) picking up

(e) No correction required

Ans (e)

24. Raja has the guts to rise from the occasion and come out successfully.

(a) in rising from

(b) to raise with

(c) to rise against

(d) to rise to

(e) No correction required

Ans (d)

25. I need not offer any explanation, my behaviour is speaking itself.

(a) will speak to itself

(b) speaks for itself

(c) has been speaking

(d) speaks about itself

(e) No correction required

Ans (b)

Direction (Question 1 to 5): Mark the part of the sentence which has an error. If there is no

error, mark ‘e’.

1. Prashant could reached by now if he had gone by taxi.

(a) could reach

(b) reached

(c) should reach

(d) could have reached

(e) No correction required.

Ans (d)

2. Last year the Club has received a large donation.

(a) had received

(b) has to receive

(c) has to receive

(d) receives

(e) No correction required

Ans (a)

3. Sangita has managed to complete the work I gave her.

(a) would have managed

(b) has management

(c) had to manage

(d) has to manage

(e) No correction required.

Ans (e)

4. Venkat tries to make me change my mind but I was firm.

(a) tried

(b) trying

(c) would try

(d) had been tried

(e) No correction required

Ans (a)

5. Naveen has left when I reached his home.

(a) has to leave

(b) had left

(c) had leave

(d) leaves

(e) No correction required

Ans (b)

Direction (Question 6 to 15):Pick out the most effective words from the given words to fill in

the blank to make the sentence complete.

6. Although I was doubtful, my mother was …. that I would pass.

(a) firm

(b) uncertain

(c) decided

(d) sure

(e) believed

Ans (d)

7. Satosh is …. strong to be beaten by the other wrestlers.

(a) as

(b) much

(c) so

(d) more

(e) too

Ans (e)

8. They ….. no attention to what people say about them.

(a) keep

(b) listen

(c) pay

(d) take

(e) mind

Ans (c)

9. Mukesh is not happy with his present job …. the salary is very low.

(a) although

(b) even if

(c) in spite of

(d) their

(e) as

Ans (e)

10. Neelam is intending to accompany them on …. next trip abroad

(a) her

(b) their’s

(c) our

(d) their

(e) its

Ans (d)

11. Rashmi has been suffering ….. fever for the last three days.

(a) in

(b) from

(c) for

(d) with

(e) against

Ans (b)

12. Simmi got scared when the beggar stared …. her.

(a) over

(b) on

(c) about

(d) at

(e) to

13. When I saw him in torn clothes, I was ….. by surprise.

(a) taken

(b) took

(c) takes

(d) taking

(e) take

Ans (a)

14. The Cat was …. by a speeding truck.

(a) run over

(b) crossed over

(c) killed over

(d) went over

(e) moved over

Ans (a)

1. Though his view is correct his behavior was impertinent

(a) healthy

(b) respectful

(c) inadequate

(d) smooth

(e) impressive

Ans (b)

2. The commission took two years to sift through the massive collection of documents.

(a) meager

(b) heavy

(c) light

(d) short

(e) ugly

Ans (c)

3. The Minister’s speech precipitated the matter.

(a) aggravate

(b) create

(c) defer

(d) push

(e) pull

Ans (c)

4. The chairman rebuked the accounts officer.

(a) received

(b) awarded

(c) invited

(d) strengthened

(e) praised

Ans (b)

5. The manager is quite tactful and handles the workers union very effectively.

(a) disciplined

(b) naive

(c) strict

(d) loose

(e) relaxed

Ans (b)

Instructios (Questions 6-12 ): Pick out the word synonymous with the one in the sentence

given below.

6. After the dismal show the caption resigned his job.

(a) poor (b) sorrowful

(c) minimum

(d) short

(e) miser

Ans (a)

7. The boy gave a graphic account of the theft.

(a) picture

(b) drawing

(c) vivid

(d) broad

(e) vague

Ans (c)

8. The soldier displayed exceptional courage and saved the members of his platoon.

(a) avoidable

(b) unusual

(c) strange

(d) abnormal

(e) new

Ans (b)

9. The police officer found that the documents recovered were fabricated.

(a) prepared

(b) forged

(c) genuine

(d) historical

(e) constricted

Ans (b)

10. In spite of their efforts, they could not make much headway.

(a) progress

(b) thinking

(c) efforts

(d) starts

(e) results

Ans (a)

Instructios (Questions 11-18 ):Fill up to blanks in the following Questions picking out from the

choices.

11. Mahesh _____ me coming to his table, he smiled and ___ me a chair

(a) looked, gave

(b) welcomed, took

(c) saw, offered

(d) found, signaled

(e) met, sat

Ans (c)

12. The counter Clerk was very busy and ____ not pay any ___ to Sohan’s request.

(a) did, attention

(b) had, cash

(c) could, respect

(d) can, help

(e) Certainly, acceptance

Ans (a)

13. We are ___ to have him ____ here to make this function a great success

(a) happy, arrive

(b) wonderful, again

(c) sure, come

(d) pleased, over

(e) proud, leave

Ans (d)

14. Sachin ___ another feather ___ his cap by his performance in one day match.

(a) created, by (b) took, in (c) captured, from

(d) kept, in (e) added, to

Ans (e)

15. The state govt staff ___ threatened to launch an indefinite strike from next month to ___

their demands.

(a) have, press (b) did, get

(c) were, meet

(d) nearly, fulfill

(e) has, press

Ans (a)

16. The speech ___ with subtle threats has resulted in ___ tension.

(a) full, escalating

(b) started, reduced

(c) followed, continuous

(d) replete, increased

(e) forced, dissolving

Ans (d)

17. By long queues and bad weather the voters__ their way to the polling stations ___ a lot.

(a) undaunted, made

(b) making, suffered

(c) encouraged, prepared

(d) going, dropped

(e) satisfied, turned

Ans (b)

18. The CM ____ the house that ____ action would be taken against all those involved in

corruption.

(a) instructed, preventive

(b) called, stick

(c) assured, stringent

(d) reiterated, strictly

(e) informed, constructive

Ans (c)

Instructios (Questions 18-24 ) : In each of the following questions a part of sentence is given

with underline. Below each sentence, four choices numbered (a), (b), (c), (d) are given which

can substitute the part of the sentence printed with underline. Find out the choice which can

correctly substitute that part of the sentence. The number of that choice is the answer. If

‘No correction needed’ is your answer, the choice is (e).

18. He has received no other message than an urgent telegram asking him to rush village soon.

(a) asked him to rush his village

(b) asking him to have to his village

(c) asking him to rush to his village

(d) asking him rushing at his village

(e) No correction required

Ans (a)

19. We must take it granted that Madhu will not come for today’s function.

(a) take it for granted

(b) taking it granted

(c) took it as granted

(d) have it granted

(e) Non correction required

Ans (a)

20. I earnestly believes that you will visit our relatives during your trip to Bombay.

(a) had hardly believe that

(b) sincerely believe

(c) certainly believing that

(d) could not believe

(e) No correction required

Ans (b)

21. The train will leave at 8.30 pm, we have been ready by 7.30 pm so that we can reach the

station in time

(a) were

(b) must be

(c) are

(d) should have

(e) No correction required

Ans (b)

22. Maria unnecessarily picked up a quarrel with Ram and left the party.

(a) has picked up

(b) picked on

(c) picked

(d) picking up

(e) No correction required

Ans (e)

23. Anand has the guts to rise from the occasion and come out successfully.

(a) in rising from

(b) to raise with

(c) to rise against

(d) to rise to

(e) No correction required

Ans (d)

24. I need not offer any explanation, my behaviour is speaking itself.

(a) will speak to itself

(b) speaks for itself

(c) has been speaking

(d) speaks about itself

(e) No correction required

Ans (b)

25.Pick out the most effective words from the given words to fill in the blank to make the

sentence complete.

Although I was doubtful, my mother was …. that I would pass.

(a) firm

(b) uncertain

(c) decided

(d) sure

(e) believed

Ans (d)

Directions (Q 1-5): The following sentences contain errors in grammar, usage,

diction (choice of words) or idioms and spellings. No sentence, however, contains

more than one error. Each sentence has been broken up into four parts sequentially

(1, 2, 3, 4). Choose the part that has the mistake and mark your answer.

1. We have no objection (1)/ to him participating in the debate (2)/ provided he cares

(3)/ to observe the rules formulated by the expert committee (4).

2. There is the idea of competition, natural selection and the survival (1)/ of the fittest

which purpose to explain (2)/ the natural and automatic process (3)/ of evolution and

development (4).

3. In spite of their pressing into service several fire-fighters (1)/ they found it difficult

(2)/ to put off (3)/ the fire which was spreading fast to the neighbouring buildings (4).

4. Rabindranath Tagore, the great Indian poet, born (1)/at a time (2)/ when there was a

confluence (3)/of three revolutionary movement (4).

5. The assistant engineer was advised to give (1)/the building contract to whomever

(2)/ he believed (3)/ had a strong sense of responsibility (4).

Directions (Q 6 – 8): Out of the given choices marked 1-4, select the best substitute

for the leading sentence. Mark the correct choice as the answer.

6. One who is determined to take exact full vengeance for wrongs done to him:

1. vindictive

2. vengeful

3. Inductor

4. Candice

7. Custom of having many wives:

1. Homogamy

2. Polygamy

3. Matrogamy

4. Monogamy

8. A person who has no money to pay off his debts:

1. Insolvent

2. Beggar

3. Debtor

4. Creditor

Directions (Q 9-10): Give the correct antonyms of the following words out of the

given choices below the leading word.

9. AUTONOMY:

1. Independent

2. Independence

3. Dependence

4. Proudy

10. ONEROUS:

1. Tough

2. Difficult

3. Easy

4. Complicated

Directions (Q 11-15): Find out the correct choice no. as the answer after changing

the given sentences from Active voice to passive voice and vice versa.

11. A song will be sung by him.

1. He will be sing a song

2. He would sing a song

3. He will sing a song

4. He shall sing a song

12. They had already tried this plan.

1. This plan had already tried by them.

2. This plan had already being tried by him.

3. This plan had been already tried by them

4. This plan had already been tried by them

13. Can you please her?

1. Can she pleased by you?

2. Could she pleased by you?

3. Can she pleased by you?

4. Can she be pleased by you?

14. The child is not cutting teeth.

1. Teeth are not being cutting by the child

2. Teeth are not being cut by child

3. Teeth are not cut by the child

4. Teeth are not cutting by child

15. She was not paying the taxes.

1. The taxes not paid by her

2. The taxes are not being paid by her

3. The taxes were not being paid by her

4. The taxes is not being paid by her

Directions (Q 16-20): The questions that follow the passages are based on the text of

the passages. Point out the correct answers.

Liberty is not a personal affair only, but a social contract. It is an accommodation of

interests. In matters which do not touch anybody else's liberty of course, I may be as free

as I like. If I choose to go down the Strand in a dressing-gown, with long hair and bare

feet, who shall say me nay? You have liberty to laugh at me, but I have liberty to be

indifferent to you. And if I have a fancy for dyeing my hair, or waxing my moustache

(which heaven forbid), or wearing a tall hat, a frock coat and sandals, or going to bed late

or getting up early, I shall follow my fancy and ask no man's permission. I shall not

inquire of you whether I may eat mustard with my mutton. I may like mustard with my

mutton. And you will not ask me whether you may follow this religion or that, whether

you may marry the dark lady or the fair lady, whether you may prefer long fellow to

Wordsworth, or champagne to coca cola.

16. 'Not a personal affair' means ______

1. not enjoyed in person.

2. not having individual affairs.

3. not concerned with individuals.

4. None of these

17. "Accommodation of interests" means

1. a place for living of interests

2. adjustment of individual interests

3. adjustment of personal ends

4. None of these

18. "Indifferent to" can be replaced by ______

1. having no interest in.

2. unconcerned about.

3. not worried about.

4. None of these

19. The word 'fancy' has been used twice in the passage. It means:

1. liking; liking

2. Imagination; Imaginative

3. liking; whim

4. None of these

20. 'Inquire of you' means ______

1. Inquire from you

2. Inquire about you

3. Inquire into your views

4. None of these

Directions (Q 21-25): Fill in the blanks with suitable propositions/words given

below.

21. She was debarred ______ appearing in the exam.

1. for

2. of

3. from

4. None of these

22. His views did not coincide ______ those of his wife.

1. to

2. on

3. for

4. with

23. If you had come earlier, we ______ to see the movie.

1. would go

2. would be going

3. will have gone

4. would have gone

24. He lives ______ Andheri ______ Bombay.

1. in, in

2. at, at

3. in, at

4. at, in

25. I am astonished ______ her way of talking.

1. at

2. with

3. on

4. upon

Directions (Q 26-28): In each of the following questions an idiomatic expression,

followed by the possible meanings numbers 1 to 5 is given. From the given choices,

find the choice number which gives the correct meaning of the idiomatic expression

and mark the choice number as your answer.

26. To smell a rat

1. to see sings of plague epidemic

2. to get bad smell of a dead rat

3. to suspect foul dealing

4. to be in a bad mood

27. To have an axe to grind

1. a private end to serve

2. to fail to arouse interest

3. to have no result

4. to work for both sides

28. To eke out

1. To earn a living

2. To rush out

3. To finish oil

4. To go out of the way

Directions (Q 29-30): In the following sentences idioms/proverbs have been used,

followed by their meaning in choice number 1 to 5. Mark the correct choice number

as answer.

29. I raked my brains to solve this difficult problem.

1. I read number of books

2. I consulted several people

3. I used my common-sense

4. I subjected my mind to hard thinking

30 He was a king who ruled his subjects with a high hand.

1. sympathetically

2. kindly

3. democratically

4. oppressively

Directions (Q 31-33): Mark the correct choice number which is the meaning

(synonym) of the leading word.

31 Garnish:

1. to adorn

2. to worship

3. to garland

4. to excuse

32. Abhor:

1. repentance

2. love

3. hate

4. persistent

33. Panacea:

1. A universal agreement

2. A universal truth

3. A universal phenomenon

4. A universal medicine

Directions (Q 34-35): In each of the sentences given below a word has been

underlined and four choices marked 1 to 4 have been given. Choose the correct

word which is opposite word underlined in the sentence. Mark the choice number as

your answer.

34. His unscrupulous pursuit of wealth finally landed him in prison.

1. Conscientious

2. Dedicated

3. Single-minded

4. Superfluous

35. Let us not aggravate the sufferings of the poor.

1. Advocate

2. Appreciate

3. Alleviate

4. Abbreviate

Directions (Q 36-40): In the following passage there are blanks, each of which has

been numbered. These numbers are printed below the passage and against each,

five words are suggested, one which fits the blank appropriately. Find out the

appropriate word and mark the choice number as your answer.

Smoking is the biggest preventable ______ (186) ______ to mankind. Many serious

______ (187) ______ including lung cancer, bronchitis and heat attack are ______ (188)

______ to smoking habits. Smoking in any form whether cigarette, cigar, pipe, bidi or

tobacco chewing has been ______ (189) ______ as a major ______ (190) ______ factor

for heart attack.

36.

1. measure

2. tragedy

3. menace

4. solace

37.

1. debacles

2. diseases

3. practices

4. injuries

38.

1. caused

2. directed

3. averse

4. traced

39.

1. developed

2. explained

3. attributed

4. identified

40.

1. important

2. critical

3. risk

4. ailing

Directions (Q 41-42): Each of the following words is spelt in four different ways.

One of them is correctly spelt. Pick out the correctly spelt word and mark on the

OMR sheet.

41.

1. Leutinant

2. Lieutenant

3. Lieutinent

4. Lieutanant

42.

1. Charactar

2. Cheracter

3. Character

4. Characatar

Directions (Q 43-45): Mark the correct choice after changing the Narration of the

leading sentence.

43. The mother said to the teacher, "Do not punish my son."

1. The mother told the teacher not to punished her son.

2. The mother requested the teacher that her son might not be punished.

3. The mother requested the teacher that not to punish her son.

4. The mother requested the teacher not to punish her son.

44. The Judge asked the prisoner if he has any thing to say.

1. The Judge said to the prisoner, "Have you any thing to say?"

2. The Judge said to the prisoner, "If you have anything to say?"

3. The Judge said to the prisoner, "You had anything to say?"

4. The Judge said to the prisoner, Have you anything to be said?"

45. She advised me not to trust him.

1. She said to me, "Not to trust you."

2. She said to me, "Not to Trust him."

3. She said to me, "Do not be trust by him."

4. She said to me, "Do not trust him."

Directions (Q 46-50): The questions that follow the passages are based on the text of

the passage. Point out the correct answers.

The third thing we must do is not to be content with mere political democracy. We must

make our political democracy a social democracy as well. Political democracy cannot last

unless there lies at the base of it social democracy. What does social democracy mean? it

means a way of life which recognizes liberty, equality and fraternity as the principles of

life. These principles of liberty, equality and fraternity are not to be treated as separate

items in Trinity. They form a union of Trinity in the sense that to divorce one from the

other is to defeat the very purpose of democracy. Liberty cannot be divorced from

equality, equality be divorced from liberty. Nor can liberty and equality be divorced from

fraternity. Without equality, liberty would produce the supremacy of the few over the

many. Equality, without liberty, would kill individual initiative. Without fraternity,

liberty and equality would not become a natural course of things. It would require a

constable to enforce them.

46. The 'third thing' which the author wants us to do is ______

1. Not to be complacent with political democracy

2. Not to be happy with political democracy

3. Not to be dissatisfied with political democracy

4. None of these

47. Political democracy will end if ______

1. There is no social democracy

2. There is social democracy

3. There is political democracy

4. None of these

48. Social democracy means ______

1. Liberty, equality and fraternity

2. A way of life

3. Political democracy

4. None of these

49. The principles of liberty, equality and fraternity can be treated as ______

1. Separate

2. Unified

3. One

4. None of these

50. Liberty without equality would result in ______

1. Dictatorship

2. Supremacy of some

3. Tyranny of many

4. None of these

English vocabulary – opposite words

Each key word is followed by five suggested meanings. Choose the word or phrase which is opposite in

meaning to the key word.

1) Quaint

a) peculiar

b) ordinary

c) curious

d) strange

e) silly

2. Queer

a) strange

b) careless

c) shorten

d) surprising

e) ordinary

3. Querulous

a) unhappy

b) discontented

c) contented

d) angry

e) gloomy

4. Questionable

a) dubious

b) challengeable

c) certain

d) persistent

e) effective

5. Quiet

a) noisy

b) motionless

c) tranquility

d) senseless

e) serious

6. Quit

a) leave

b) start

c) abandon

d) withdraw

e) recover

7. Quixotic

a) imaginary

b) fantastic

c) romantic

d) practical

e) foolish

8. Quote

a) extract

b) adduce

c) reveal

d) restrain

e) contradict

9. Radiant

a) dim

b) splendid

c) beaming

d) industrial

e) restive

10. Radical

a) thorough

b) uncompromising

c) basic

d) insane

e) superficial

11. Rational

a) practical

b) pragmatic

c) reasonable

d) insane

e) wild

12. Reckless

a) indifferent

b) careful

c) careless

d) arrogant

e) angry

13. Recreation

a) diversion

b) pastime

c) leisure

d) boredom

e) happiness

14. Refrain

a) resist

b) continue

c) resist

d) withhold

e) stop

15. Remission

a) forgiveness

b) blame

c) assessment

d) repetition

e) abatement

16. Riddle

a) problem

b) puzzle

c) mystery

d) enigma

e) clue

17. Rigid

a) Strong

b) lax

c) authoritative

d) abandon

e) incomplete

18. Robust

a) strong

b) sound

c) feeble

d) volatile

e) inadequate

19. Ruthless

a) merciless

b) merciful

c) beautiful

d) magnificent

e) majestic

20. Sadistic

a) kind hearted

b) happy

c) unhappy

d) fortunate

e) quaint

21. Salvage

a) remove

b) burn

c) help

d) lose

e) confuse

22. Scold

a) praise

b) criticize

c) encourage

d) pacify

e) appease

23. Scurrilous

a) ribald

b) decent

c) abusive

d) mitigated

e) inaccurate

24. Severe

a) relentless

b) intense

c) lenient

d) unadorned

e) austere

25. Sham

a) genuine

b) simulated

c) automatic

d) fake

e) duplicate

Answers

1. ordinary

2. ordinary

3. contented

4. certain

5. noisy

6. start

7. practical

8. contradict

9. dim

10. superficial

11. insane

12. careful

13. boredom

14. continue

15. blame

16. clue

17. lax

18. feeble

19. merciful

20. kind hearted

21. lose

22. praise

23. decent

24. lenient

25. genuine

1. Which of the following is NOT a necessary characteristic of computer fluency?

A. Understanding the capabilities and limitations of computers

B. Being able to write computer programs

C. Becoming comfortable with the use of computers

D. Understanding the legal, ethical, and societal implications of computing

Answer: B

2. According to the U.S. Department of Labor, approximately ____________ % of

American workers used computers on the job as of 2001.

A. 20

B. 40

C. 50

D. 70

Answer: C

3. Retail employees typically use ____________ terminals to process sales transactions.

A. sales processing

B. transaction point

C. automatic teller

D. point of sale

Answer: D

4. The process of ____________ involves automated study of consumer buying patterns

in order to support marketing, inventory replenishment, and pricing decisions.

A. transaction processing

B. data mining

C. simulation

D. information processing

Answer: B

5. The engineering discipline that involves construction of molecularly-sized computing

devices is called:

A. nanotechnology.

B. molecular processing.

C. silicon grafting.

D. nanoscience.

Answer: A

6. The prefix that stands for "billionth" is:

A. giga.

B. tera.

C. nano.

D. peta.

Answer: C

7. A small biomedical device currently on the market that can be implanted underneath

the skin for identification purposes is called the:

A. Identitron.

B. Verichip.

C. Digicard.

D. Nanoguard.

Answer: B

8. The four main functions of a computer are:

A. input, processing, output, and storage.

B. learning, thinking, intelligence, and virtuosity.

C. data, information, bits, and bytes.

D. hardware, software, modeling, and operations.

Answer: A

9. The primary purpose of a computer is to process _____________ and convert it into

information.

A. electricity

B. data

C. raw material

D. a bit

Answer: B

10. Bit refers to a:

A. computer language.

B. CPU instruction.

C. 0 or 1 value.

D. digital representation of an alphabetic character.

Answer: C

11. There are ____________ bits in a byte.

A. two

B. four

C. six

D. eight

Answer: D

12. In computer language, each letter, number, and an array of special characters consists

of:

A. 8 kilobytes.

B. 8 bytes.

C. a bit.

D. 8 bits.

Answer: D

13. Which of the following is the correct sequence of smallest to largest unit of storage

size?

A. megabyte ? terabyte ? gigabyte ? kilobyte ? petabyte

B. kilobyte ? megabyte ? gigabyte ? terabyte ? petabyte

C. kilobyte ? megabyte ? gigabyte ? petabyte ? terabyte

D. kilobyte ? megabyte ? petabyte ? terabyte ? gigabyte

Answer: B

14. The prefix kilo refers to approximately:

A. one thousand.

B. one million.

C. one hundred.

D. one billion.

Answer: A

15. Computers work in:

A. machine linguistics.

B. binary language.

C. HTML code.

D. bit language.

Answer: B

16. The metal or plastic case that houses the physical components of a computer together

is called the:

A. central processing unit.

B. storage device.

C. motherboard.

D. system unit.

Answer: D

17. The "brains" of the computer which executes the instructions, is called the:

A. CPU.

B. RAM.

C. motherboard.

D. system unit.

Answer: A

18. Instructions and data that are about to be processed by the CPU are located in:

A. a CD-ROM.

B. RAM.

C. the hard disk.

D. the motherboard.

Answer: B

19. The circuitry that includes the CPU and memory chips is located on the:

A. system unit.

B. operating system.

C. motherboard.

D. computer platform.

Answer: C

20. All of the following are considered to be storage devices EXCEPT a:

A. floppy disk.

B. CPU.

C. CD.

D. hard disk drive.

Answer: B

21. What is the correct association between a hardware component and a computer

function?

A. Monitor ? input

B. Mouse ? input

C. CPU ? storage

D. Hard disk ? processing

Answer: B

22. The main difference between application and system software is that:

A. application software is composed of program instructions but system software is not.

B. application software is stored in memory whereas system software is only in the CPU.

C. system software is unnecessary whereas application software must be present on the

computer.

D. system software manages hardware whereas application software performs user tasks.

Answer: D

23. A document created in a word processing program or a budget created in a

spreadsheet are both examples of documents created in:

A. application software.

B. system software.

C. an operating system.

D. a Windows platform.

Answer: A

24. Which of the following is an example of system software?

A. Word processor

B. Operating system

C. Management information system

D. Spreadsheet

Answer: B

25. The term that refers to computers that provide resources to other computers in a

network is:

A. server.

B. mainframe.

C. platform.

D. resource provider.

Answer: A

26. If a large business is going to use a single computer to execute many programs for

hundreds (possibly thousands) of users at the same time, performing relatively simple

operations and transactions, the type of computer will probably be a(n):

A. supercomputer.

B. PC.

C. mainframe.

D. ISP.

Answer: C

27. A scientific institution performing intensive mathematical operations for a complex

model that requires extremely powerful computing capabilities will most likely use a(n):

A. supercomputer.

B. PC.

C. mainframe.

D. ISP.

Answer: A

28. The standard computer keyboard is configured using the ____________ layout.

A. Dvorak

B. QWERTY

C. control

D. dot-matrix

Answer: B

29. The most commonly used keys in the Dvorak keyboard layout are located in the:

A. far right area of the keyboard.

B. top row.

C. middle row.

D. function key area.

Answer: C

30. On computers using Microsoft Windows XP, holding the Windows key down and

pressing the letter E will:

A. start Windows Explorer.

B. display the Start menu.

C. execute Microsoft Windows.

D. run Windows Help.

Answer: A

31. The insert, caps lock, and num lock keys are all examples of ____________ keys.

A. control

B. function

C. toggle

D. shortcut

Answer: C

32. The copy, cut, and paste features use keyboard shortcuts with the ____________ key

and a keyboard letter.

A. Shift

B. Windows

C. Alt

D. Ctrl

Answer: D

33. RF keyboards differ from infrared keyboards in that they:

A. must be closer to the computer.

B. are connected to the computer via the USB port.

C. do not need to be pointed at the computer.

D. are used primarily on laptops or PDAs.

Answer: C

34. The traditional mouse requires a mouse pad to provide friction for its:

A. touchpad.

B. tracker.

C. optical sensor.

D. rollerball.

Answer: D

35. The standard input device for a PDA is a:

A. stylus.

B. touch pad.

C. keyboard.

D. trackball mouse.

Answer: A

36. The flicker effect of a cathode ray tube is controlled by its:

A. resolution.

B. refresh rate.

C. dot pitch.

D. data transfer rate.

Answer: B

37. A monitor with high dot pitch will have:

A. a relatively large number of pixels.

B. a high number of possible colors in its display.

C. wide gaps between pixels.

D. relatively fast recharging of the pixels' illumination.

Answer: C : CRT Monitors Difficulty: Hard

38. The larger the number of pixels of a computer monitor, the higher its:

A. resolution.

B. refresh rate.

C. dot pitch.

D. data transfer rate.

Answer: A

39. The maximum complete electron scans of current CRT monitors is ____________

times per second.

A. 25

B. 50

C. 75

D. 100

Answer: C

40. Electron beam scanning is a characteristic of:

A. laser printers.

B. flat panel monitors.

C. cathode ray tubes.

D. liquid crystal display.

Answer: C

41. The type of output device that utilizes a fluorescent panel for generating light waves

is a(n):

A. CRT monitor.

B. inkjet printer.

C. laser printer.

D. LCD monitor.

Answer: D

42. The main advantage of active matrix over passive matrix technology is that active

matrix panels:

A. have higher screen resolution.

B. can selectively recharge individual pixels.

C. cost less than passive matrix panels.

D. require less power consumption than passive matrix panels.

Answer: B

43. The following are all advantages of LCD over CRT monitors EXCEPT:

A. wider viewing area relative to size of the monitor.

B. less likely to cause eyestrain.

C. more friendly to the environment.

D. wider viewing angle.

Answer: D

44. The fastest and quietest type of printer is a(n):

A. dot-matrix printer.

B. inkjet printer.

C. laser printer.

D. plotter.

Answer: C

45. The type of large printer that can most accurately produce images requiring precise,

continuous lines is a(n):

A. plotter.

B. inkjet printer.

C. laser printer.

D. dot-matrix printer.

Answer: A

46. Which of the following printers is characterized by melting wax-based ink onto

ordinary paper?

A. Dot-matrix

B. Inkjet

C. Laser

D. Thermal

Answer: D

47. A laser printer works by:

A. removing static electrical charge from a metal drum.

B. utilizing drop-on-demand technology.

C. striking the paper with hammer-like keys.

D. a process called direct-thermal printing.

Answer: A

48. The principle advantage of adding memory to a printer is to increase:

A. resolution.

B. print speed.

C. number of colors in output.

D. dpi.

Answer: B

49. The resolution of a printer is measured in terms of:

A. pixel density.

B. dot pitch.

C. hertz.

D. dpi.

Answer: D

50. The box that contains the central electronic components of a computer as well as its

power source and main storage devices is called the:

A. CPU.

B. motherboard.

C. system unit.

D. module.

English vocabulary – opposite words

Each key word is followed by five suggested meanings. Choose the word or phrase which is

opposite in meaning to the key word.

1) Quaint

a) peculiar

b) ordinary

c) curious

d) strange

e) silly

2. Queer

a) strange

b) careless

c) shorten

d) surprising

e) ordinary

3. Querulous

a) unhappy

b) discontented

c) contented

d) angry

e) gloomy

4. Questionable

a) dubious

b) challengeable

c) certain

d) persistent

e) effective

5. Quiet

a) noisy

b) motionless

c) tranquility

d) senseless

e) serious

6. Quit

a) leave

b) start

c) abandon

d) withdraw

e) recover

7. Quixotic

a) imaginary

b) fantastic

c) romantic

d) practical

e) foolish

8. Quote

a) extract

b) adduce

c) reveal

d) restrain

e) contradict

9. Radiant

a) dim

b) splendid

c) beaming

d) industrial

e) restive

10. Radical

a) thorough

b) uncompromising

c) basic

d) insane

e) superficial

11. Rational

a) practical

b) pragmatic

c) reasonable

d) insane

e) wild

12. Reckless

a) indifferent

b) careful

c) careless

d) arrogant

e) angry

13. Recreation

a) diversion

b) pastime

c) leisure

d) boredom

e) happiness

14. Refrain

a) resist

b) continue

c) resist

d) withhold

e) stop

15. Remission

a) forgiveness

b) blame

c) assessment

d) repetition

e) abatement

16. Riddle

a) problem

b) puzzle

c) mystery

d) enigma

e) clue

17. Rigid

a) Strong

b) lax

c) authoritative

d) abandon

e) incomplete

18. Robust

a) strong

b) sound

c) feeble

d) volatile

e) inadequate

19. Ruthless

a) merciless

b) merciful

c) beautiful

d) magnificent

e) majestic

20. Sadistic

a) kind hearted

b) happy

c) unhappy

d) fortunate

e) quaint

21. Salvage

a) remove

b) burn

c) help

d) lose

e) confuse

22. Scold

a) praise

b) criticize

c) encourage

d) pacify

e) appease

23. Scurrilous

a) ribald

b) decent

c) abusive

d) mitigated

e) inaccurate

24. Severe

a) relentless

b) intense

c) lenient

d) unadorned

e) austere

25. Sham

a) genuine

b) simulated

c) automatic

d) fake

e) duplicate

Answers

1. ordinary

2. ordinary

3. contented

4. certain

5. noisy

6. start

7. practical

8. contradict

9. dim

10. superficial

11. insane

12. careful

13. boredom

14. continue

15. blame

16. clue

17. lax

18. feeble

19. merciful

20. kind hearted

21. lose

22. praise

23. decent

24. lenient

25. genuine

sbi bank po solved paper of 27-04-2008

Posted on May 10, 2008. Filed under: bank po solved paper | Tags: sbi bank clerk 2008,

SBI BANK P.O. |

FREE MORE QUESTION OF SBI CLERK AND PO ON :

http://indiaknow.blogspot.com

1. As per the reports in the newspapers what has been the average growth of GDP during

10th plan period (2002-2007) ?

(A) 9 %

(B) 9.3 %

(C) 8 %

(D) 8.7 %

(E) 7.6 %

Ans (E)

2. Which of the following is/are not part(s) of the Union Budget 2008-09 presented in the

Lok Sbha in February 2008 ?

(1) Defence allocation is increased by 10% to reach more than Rs. 1,00,000 crore.

(2) National Rural Guarantee Act is extended to all the rural districts.

(3) Debt Waiver Scheme launched to help all farmers irrespective of their land holdings.

(A) Only 1

(B) Only 2

(C) Both 1 & 2

(D) Only 3

(E) None of these

Ans (D)

3. Which of the following States has been declared 2008 as the "Year of Education" ?

(A) Haryana

(B) Bihar

(C) Gujarat

(D) Uttar Pradesh

(E) None of these

Ans (A)

4. Who amongst the following is selected as the "Banker of the year 2007″ by the

Business Standard ?

(A) M.V.Kamath

(B) K.C.Chakrabarty

(C) Anil Khandelwal

(D) O.P.Bhatt

(E) None of these

Ans (D)

5. Which of the following is /are not the constituent sector(s) of the Gross Domestic

Product (GDP) of India ?

(1) Agriculture & allied activities

(2) Foreign Exchange Reserve

(3) Industry

(A) Only 1

(B) All 1,2 & 3

(C) Only 3

(D) Both 1 & 2

(E) Only 2

Ans (E)

6.What is "H5N1″ a term , which was very much in news recently ?

(A) It is a category of Visa provided by the USA fOR STUDENTS.

(B) It is the name of the virus which cause Bird flu

(C) It is the code name of India's space Mission 2010.

(D) It was the name of the military operation launched by Sri Lanka against LTTE.

(E) None of these

Ans (B)

7. Which of the following State Govts. launched a Rs. 40,000 crore "Ganga Expressway

Project" ?

(A) Bihar

(B) Gujarat

(C) Madhya Pradesh

(D) West Bengal

(E) Uttar Pradesh

Ans (E)

8. Which of the following countries is going to elects its first 47 member parliament for

the first time in the history of the country ?

(A) Butan

(B) Pakistan

(C) Myanmar

(D) Nepal

(E) None of these

Ans (A)

9. "World Day for Water" was observed on which of the following days ?

(A) 22nd January

(B) 22nd February

(C) 22nd March

(D) 22nd April

(E) None of these

Ans (C)

10. sunita Williams is the recipient of which of the following awards given away recently

?

(A) Woman of the year 2007

(B) Padma Bhushan

(C) Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award

(D) Pravasi India Award 2007

(E) None of these

Ans (B)

11. The Fifth National Winter Games were organized in -

(A) Jaipur

(B) Gulmarg

(C) Hyderabad

(D) Chennai

(E) Delhi

Ans (B)

12. Who amongst the following won the Men's single title of Australian Open Tennis

2008 ?

(A) Novak Djokovic

(B) Jo-Wilfried Tsonga

(C) Jonathan Erlich

(D) Andy Ram

(E) None of these

Ans (A)

13. Which of the following films won the best Film Award in 65th Golden Globe Awards

ceremony ?

(A) Away from her

(B) Atonement

(C) No Country for Old Men

(D) I'm Not there

(E) None of these

Ans (B)

14. Rahul Banerjee won which of the following Natioanl Senior Champioship held in

January 2008 ?

(A) Badminton

(B) Chess

(C) Archery

(D) Golf

(E) None of these

Ans (C)

15. Who amongst the following is the author of the novel "Without Dreams" ?

(A) Shahbano Bilgrami

(B) Saeed Mirza

(C) Javed Akhtar

(D) Shabana Azmi

(E) None of these

Ans (A)

16. The —— of a system includes the programs or instructions.

(A) Hardware

(B) Icon

(C) Information

(D) Software

(E) None of these

Ans (D)

17.The copy command saves to-

(A) The Desktop

(B) The Clipboard

(C) Microsoft Word

(D) Paste

(E) None of these

Ans (B)

Retail Shrinkage: Challenges to Retailers

Combating Retail Shrinkage: Challenges to Retailers

 

Organized retailers are mushrooming by leaps and bounds in India and across the world. Also growing with them is the problem of retail shrinkage. This article tries to throw light on the various forms of retail shrinkage and the challenges faced by the retailers in this regard. It also tries to find the common methods adopted by retailers to put a check on the loss of merchandise by way of these `unforeseen' discounts.

 

Over the last few years, retail has been one of the fastest growing sectors in the Indian economy contributing to about 10% of the GDP. Organized retail is expected to grow to 8-10% of the Indian retail industry by the end of the year 2010 and FDI in retail is one of the most talked about topics as of now. While the future of the retail industry appears to be bright, there are certain obstacles scarring the glossy picture. Retail shrinkage is one such problem that has grown due to the retail boom. The second annual Global Retail Theft Barometer 2008 Survey, covering 920 large retailers across 36 countries rated India first with the highest shrinkage rate of 3.10% in 2008, an increase of 6.9% over the previous year. This study put India in the topmost position closely followed by Thailand, South Africa and Malaysia. This study was undertaken by the Center for Retail Research, Nottingham, England and was funded by Checkpoint Systems Inc., a company which has been at the forefront of developing shrink-management solutions that are being used by retailers across the world. The organized retail sector in India lost $2.54 bn, or 3.1% of total sales, in 2008 due to shrinkage, according to The Global Retail Theft Barometer 2008.

There are various reasons for retail shrinkage, employee theft being the most important one. The industry estimates show that around 40-50% of retailers lose their stock due to employee theft. This is closely followed by shoplifting, which account for 30-40% of stock shrinkage and the rest due to administrative errors and vendor thefts. Studies show that there are an estimated 25 million shoplifters (1 in 11 Americans) in United States. Even famous and rich personalities have been caught in the act of stealing merchandise, which they can afford! Though the losses are not as big, Indian retailers are also now facing the problem of `the five finger discount', which is the common terminology or slang used for shoplifting in several countries including the US and Australia. Indian retailers incur an average loss of 30-40% of their businesses and many of the leading retailers record an average of 3 to 5 shoplifting cases per day.

What is Retail Shrinkage?

`Retail Shrinkage' is the term used for the unaccounted loss of merchandise due to shoplifting, employee thefts, administrative errors, etc. It is the difference between the stock volume as per the company's books and the actual stock volume that the company is holding. Shoplifting is the act of stealing merchandise from stores by person(s) with the intent of depriving the store of that property. In this case, the person takes the store items without paying for it. In the recent survey by Checkpoint Systems Inc., in which India topped the list among Asia-Pacific countries with the highest shrinkage rate of 3.10%, it was found that more than 60% of the loss was incurred due to shoplifting and employee thefts. According to Raghu Pillai, CEO, RPG Retail, "Shoplifting, or shrinkage as we call it, is a global phenomenon. Even the world's largest retailer, Wal-Mart, with turnover of $240 bn, suffers shrinkage of 0.6%, which works out to be more than $1 bn. But that is the way it is."

Causes of Retail Shrinkage

The major causes of retail shrinkage include: employee theft, shoplifting, administrative errors and vendor fraud.

Employee Theft

This is also known as internal shrinkage and formed the number one cause of retail shrinkage according to the National Retail Security Survey, 2008, conducted by University of Florida. As implied by the name, employees of the company resort to activities such as pilfering merchandise, cash, provisions, etc. Employee theft and accounts embezzlement account for almost 50% of the total retail shrinkage. Cashier-caused shrinkage occurs by way of wrong recording of transactions, forging receipts, misuse of the register or computer, etc., and accounts for almost 61% of the total employee-caused shrinkage. About 95% of the businesses experience employee theft and 75% of the theft goes unnoticed. In a retail store, all employees have better access to the cash register and merchandise or stock. This provides them ample opportunities to indulge in such activities.

One of the fastest growing employee theft techniques is refund fraud. Refund fraud is a system that allows the employee to refund merchandise and profit from the return. The most common method is to steal merchandise from the store floor and return it using fictitious customer information. This technique does not require a receipt and the employee will most likely receive cash for a purchase that was never made. Some stores require the customer returning the item to fill out information including name, address, and telephone number. The employee gives false information and receives a cash refund.

A company policy that allows `no receipt refunds' needs to be monitored closely because it is in this type of a system that breeds practices such as refund fraud. Unfortunately, this type of shrinkage poses more challenges to retailers as they lack an effective surveillance system to check this kind of loss. CCTV Monitoring, good store surveillance and maintaining good relations with employees will help to restrict this practice. Educating employees about accountability, theft and consequences will also go a long way in preventing employee thefts.

According to a study by Ernst & Young in US, employee theft is the single biggest contributor to inventory shrinkage even though shoplifters far outpace dishonest employees. The reason for this is that the currency value of employee theft on a per incident basis is much higher than that of customer thefts. Retailers are using different types of employee awareness programs including hotlines, codes of conduct and incentive compensation programs to try to address employee theft. However, unless these programs are effectively deployed, the problem is likely to remain. It is not just enough to have programs and procedures in place and announce them to the employees. A company has to enforce these policies visibly and directly. According to Jay McIntosh, Americas Director, Retail and Consumer Products, Ernst & Young, "A company can employ a dozen, or a thousand, programs to deter theft, but if the discrepancies are simply being overlooked, then the problem clearly has roots in management, and not procedure. What's needed is a combination of analytics to better identify deviations, better in-store procedures such as cycle counts of inventory, and stronger corporate policies to enforce anti-theft programs."

Shoplifting

This is also called commercial burglary and is one of the most common crimes in retail sector. It is also known as `five-finger discount' in Australia and US, and as `Jacking', `Chaving' and `Nicking' in UK. Studies show that one out of twelve customers might be a shoplifter. Professional shoplifters are called boosters. Shoplifters generally use various methods for stealing their item of interest but some of the most noted methods are as follows:

Palming

In this method, the shoplifter conceals the item in the palm of the hand and later hides it.

Boosting

The shoplifters use variety of devices like boxes with false bottoms or coats, skirts and pants with false pockets, etc., to hide the stolen items.

Wearing Items Out

In this method, usually used for stealing apparel, shoplifters wear the stolen apparel below their dress. This is usually done in the trial rooms. They sometimes hide the stolen items between the legs, which is referred to as `crotching'.

Shielding

In this method, the shoplifters work in groups. While one of them blocks the view of the storekeepers of even diverts their attention, the others finish their task of shoplifting.

Strollers

In some cases, the shoplifters use the strollers to conceal stolen items.

Categories of Shoplifters

There is no clear categorization of shoplifters. People irrespective of age, gender or economic background has been caught in this act. However, there exists some broad classification based on the motives for which they steal. They are:

Professional Shoplifters

These people steal merchandise which are costly (e.g.; apparel and jewelry) and do the act for the purpose of generating revenue by selling it off elsewhere.

Amateur or Casual Shoplifters

Majority of the cases are categorized under this group. These shoplifters steal items just for the pure thrill of it or due to some reasons unknown to them. They do not usually go to the stores with an intention of stealing but commit the act once they get the opportunity to do so.

There are other classifications like the needy shoplifters, who steal because they highly need it and are not able to afford it. But these types of people generally steal items like food, clothes, etc., to satisfy their basic needs. The most interesting part is of cases where people who can afford to pay for the goods shoplift them.

People may shoplift for various reasons, some even unknown to them. There are assumptions that such shoplifters have mental disorders or Kleptomania (a compulsive urge to steal) but it is not true in all the cases. Psychologists say that people shoplift for variety of reasons. While some shoplift essential items like food, clothes, etc., some are addicted to stealing just to get out of their frustrations in life. It may be due to some personal or family pressure or peer pressure at work and they shoplift as a means of venting out their tension.

There have been many cases reported when teenagers have been caught shoplifting. Such teenagers claim to indulge in the act for pure fun/experience the thrill and excitement attached with shoplifting and many of the times they are not aware of the serious repercussions of being caught in this act.

Certain others do it because they feel that the shop is charging them with high prices and shoplifting is actually a fight against injustice. They feel that the store owners can afford the loss of the items. But there are group of people who shoplift not deliberately but due to their absentmindedness. These are usually old people who are suffering from memory loss and they come out of the store without paying for items they have bought or don't remember having taken the items.

Administrative Errors and Vendor Thefts

Another source of retail shrinkage is administrative errors and vendor thefts. Administrative and paperwork errors such as mark up and mark down of the prices cause around 15% of the retail shrinkage. Merchandise loss due to vendor theft is the smallest category of retail shrinkage.

Retail Shrinkage Prevention - Challenges to Retailers

Retailers in India have recently joined hands to ensure an end to the rising scourge of employee theft. Top Indian retailers like Future Group, Spencer's Retail, Reliance Retail and Aditya Birla Retail have decided to maintain a database of employees who have been caught indulging in such acts. This database would hold the names of all those employees who were found guilty of store thefts, indecent behavior to customers, quitting without notice and other unethical behavior. This database would help the retailers to do a background check while recruiting employees. The Retailers Association of India (RAI) is also planning to set up a list of delinquent employees to help the retailers do an easy and thorough background check of prospective employees. With the economy showing signs of revival, retailers are also looking for expansion plans and recruiting and this database would be very useful. Shoplifting has become a big problem to the retailers. It has been reported that retailers lose at least 30-40% of their business due to shoplifting. Hence, retailers are investing in equipments like CCTVs, Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS) to detect such acts. They are also working to improve the security in the shops by employing personnel for keeping a watch on the people entering the stores. The following are some of the methods adopted by shop owners to prevent shoplifting:

Big businesses are today spending billions of rupees to prevent store thefts by installing anti-theft devices and by having improved security systems. But these systems unless used effectively may interfere with the retailers' ability to serve the customers well.

Role of RFID in Combating Retail Shrinkage

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an emerging revolutionary technology which is all set to replace the bar code technology. RFID is a means of retrieving and storing data from tags attached to the merchandise through Frequency Modulated (FM) radio wave transmission. A very important feature of RFID technology is its ability to track merchandise from anywhere when a RFID reader is within the range. Large retail outlets such as Big Bazaar and Pantaloons have invested in RFID, CCTV and antennas to curb retail shrinkage. RFID, in particular, is being used widely by these retail majors. According to Rakesh Biyani, Director, Pantaloons, "If somebody steals goods without paying, it is the public who ends up paying for it. We identify compulsive shoplifters and often catch them three or more times in the same month. We try not to involve the police especially when teenagers are involved. This is where RFIDs are useful in protection of goods."

Conclusion

Retail crime is one malice that has crept up with the mushrooming of organized retailers and shopping malls and shoplifting is one of the most severe problems that has set retailers on the alert as a significant amount is lost due to consumer thefts, employee thefts and administrative errors. India is also facing the problem of retail shrinkage. With the retail industry growing rapidly, the typical problems of store thefts have begun to permeate this country also. Hence, retailers have to make their internal surveillance systems more foolproof and ensure that the personnel are trained to detect such acts without disrupting the atmosphere in the store for other shoppers. Even though the retailers are directly affected by store thefts, in a way the consumers also suffer as retailers tend to recoup losses of merchandise and the cost of theft insurance and installation of anti- shoplifting systems by increasing prices of the goods, which the customer ends up paying. Hence, retail security is a cause for concern for retail majors and retailers need to gear up to ensure a shopping environment which is safe and secure for the shops and merchandise.

 


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